Single-topic compilations of the information shaping our profession
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June 2010
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Age at neutering
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| Determining the optimal age for gonadectomy of dogs and cats |
Highlights:
• Shelter animals: Neuter before adoption
• Pet animals should be considered individually
• Health conditions are variously impacted
 Consider benefits, detriments for each animal
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| View article (PDF, 518 KB) |
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| Margaret V. Root Kustritz |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007;231:1665-1675. December 1, 2007. |
| Long-term risks and benefits of early-age gonadectomy in dogs |
Highlights:
• Incontinence higher in females spayed early
• Obesity decreased in both sexes neutered early
• Early-age gonadectomy safe in male dogs
Best to spay female dogs after 3-4 months of age
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| View article (PDF, 155 KB) |
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| C. Victor Spain, Janet M. Scarlett, Katherine A. Houpt |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;224:380-387. February 1, 2004. |
| Long-term risks and benefits of early-age gonadectomy in cats |
Highlights:
• Studied 1,660 cats adopted from shelters
• Early-age gonadectomy beneficial in male cats
• Asthma, gingivitis decreased in both sexes
Gonadectomy safe in cats under 6 months of age
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| View article (PDF, 158 KB) |
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| C. Victor Spain, Janet M. Scarlett, Katherine A. Houpt |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;224:372-379. February 1, 2004. |
| Long-term outcome of gonadectomy performed at an early age or traditional age in dogs |
Highlights:
• Health status of dogs monitored for 4 years
• No increase in behavioral, body system issues
• More infectious disease in early-age group
Early-age group generally no different
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| View article (PDF, 271 KB) |
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| Lisa M. Howe, Margaret R. Slater, Harry W. Boothe, H. Phil Hobson, Jennifer L. Holcom, Angela C. Spann |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;218:217-221. January 15, 2001. |
| Long-term outcome of gonadectomy performed at an early age or traditional age in cats |
Highlights:
• Health status of cats monitored for 3 years
• No increase in physical or behavioral problems
• No increase in infectious disease in either group
Early-age neutering did not increase problems
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| View article (PDF, 270 KB) |
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| Lisa M. Howe, Margaret R. Slater, Harry W. Boothe, H. Phil Hobson, Theresa W. Fossum, Angela C. Spann, W. Scott Wilkie |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;217:1661-1665. December 1, 2000. |
| Correlation between age at neutering and age at onset of hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets |
Highlights:
• Hyperadrenocorticism common in pet ferrets
• Early-age neutering related to earlier onset
• Loss of negative gonadal feedback may be factor
Treatment with GnRH agonist may be helpful
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| View article (PDF, 161 KB) |
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| Nico J. Shoemaker, Marielle Schuurmans, Hanneke Moorman, J. (Sjeng) T. Lumeij |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;216:195–197. January 15, 2000. |
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Impacts on health
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| Effect of gonadectomy on subsequent development of age-related cognitive impairment in dogs |
Highlights:
• Client-owned dogs 11 to 14 years old studied
• More impairment in neutered vs. intact males
• No sexually intact female dogs were studied
Testosterone may slow impairment progression
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| View article (PDF, 315 KB) |
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| Benjamin L. Hart |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;219:51-56. July 1, 2001. |
| Effects of neutering on hormonal concentrations and energy requirements in male and female cats |
Highlights:
• Caloric requirements of female cats decreased
• Neutering led to hyperleptinemia in male cats
• Fatty acid uptake became resistant to insulin
Responses to neutering differed between sexes
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| View article (PDF, 261 KB) |
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| Margarethe Hoenig, Duncan C. Ferguson |
| Am J Vet Res 2002;63:634-639. May 2002. |
| Effects of dietary fat and energy on body weight and composition after gonadectomy in cats |
Highlights:
• Low-, high-fat diets fed to neutered, intact cats
• Neutered cats gained more body fat, weight
• Percentage gain in body weight greater in females
Feed a restricted, low-fat diet to prevent obesity
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| View article (PDF, 384 KB) |
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| Patrick G. Nguyen, Henri J. Dumon, Brigitte S. Siliart, Lucile J. Martin, Renaud Sergheraert, Vincent C. Biourge |
| Am J Vet Res 2004;65:1708-1713. December 2004. |
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Anesthesia
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| Use of the anesthetic combination of tiletamine, zolazepam, ketamine, and xylazine for neutering feral cats |
Highlights:
• Drug combination given IM to 7,502 feral cats
• 79.5% required only a single dose
• 0.35% overall mortality rate found
Ease of use, low mortality rate are key benefits
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| View article (PDF, 73 KB) |
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| Lindsay S. Williams, Julie K. Levy, Sheilah A. Robertson, Alexis M. Cistola, Lisa A. Centonze |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;220:1491-1495. May 15, 2002. |
| Epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine, bupivacaine and fentanyl, or bupivacaine and sufentanil during intravenous administration of propofol for ovariohysterectomy in dogs |
Highlights:
• 30 female dogs of various breeds studied
• Higher dosing made epidural feasible for OHE
• Analgesia highest in sufentanil group
With higher dosing, all 3 techniques sufficient
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| View article (PDF, 1.1 MB) |
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| Tatiana F. Almeida, Denise T. Fantoni, Sandra Mastrocinque, Angelica C. Tatarunas, Viviane H. Imagawa |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007;230:45-51. January 1, 2007. |
| Cardiorespiratory responses and plasma cortisol concentrations in dogs treated with medetomidine before undergoing ovariohysterectomy |
Highlights:
• Use of medetomidine reduced anesthetic needed
• Analgesia lasted for 60 minutes after extubation
• Pain-related distress may occur 5 hours after OHE
Give supplemental analgesic at time of extubation
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| View article (PDF, 217 KB) |
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| Jeff C. H. Ko, Ronald E. Mandsager, Douglas N. Lange, Steven M. Fox |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;217:509-514. August 15, 2000. |
| Results of 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy following premedication with medetomidine or acepromazine |
Highlights:
• Lower minimum heart rate with medetomidine
• Despite low heart rate, response to stimuli normal
• Similar prevalences of cardiac disturbances found
Heart rate effects seen up to 6 hours after surgery |
| View article (PDF, 4.5 MB) |
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| Dr. Misse A-M. Väisänen, Outi M. Vainio, Marja R. Raekallio, Heikki Hietanen, Heikki V. Huikuri |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;226:738-745. March 1, 2005. |
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Pain management
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| Behavioral alterations and severity of pain in cats recovering at home following elective ovariohysterectomy or castration |
Highlights:
• Owners observed cats postoperatively for 3 days
• Pain, changes in behavior were reported
• Social behavior changes seen 3 days after surgery
Findings emphasize owner concerns about pain
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| View article (PDF, 405 KB) |
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| Misse A-M. Väisänen, Suvi K. Tuomikoski, Outi M. Vainio |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007;231:236-242. July 15, 2007. |
| Effects of preoperative administration of ketoprofen on anesthetic requirements and signs of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy |
Highlights:
• Postoperative activity levels higher with ketoprofen
• Numerical pain scores same as in control group
• Ketoprofen did not reduce anesthetic needed
Behavior score may be better indicator of pain
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| View article (PDF, 96 KB) |
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| Kip A. Lemke, Caroline L. Runyon, Barbara S. Horney |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;221:1268-1275. November 1, 2002. |
| Effects of preoperative administration of ketoprofen on whole blood platelet aggregation, buccal mucosal bleeding time, and hematologic indices in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy |
Highlights:
• Platelet aggregation decreased with ketoprofen
• Mucosal bleeding time same as for control group
• No increase in hemorrhage during or after surgery
Mucosal bleeding normal despite platelet effects
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| View article (PDF, 85 KB) |
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| Kip A. Lemke, Caroline L. Runyon, Barbara S. Horney |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;220:1818-1822. June 15, 2002. |
| Postoperative hypoxemia and hypercarbia in healthy dogs undergoing routine ovariohysterectomy or castration and receiving butorphanol or hydromorphone for analgesia |
Highlights:
• Increases in PaCO2 seen with hydromorphone
• Either drug may cause decreases in PaO2
• Mean values remained within reference limits
Postanesthetic O2 generally not needed
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| View article (PDF, 129 KB) |
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| Vicki L. Campbell, Kenneth J. Drobatz, Sandra Z. Perkowski |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;222:330–336. February 1, 2003. |
| Comparison of oral and subcutaneous administration of buprenorphine and meloxicam for preemptive analgesia in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy |
Highlights:
• No difference in visual pain scores among groups
• More pain on palpation with buprenorphine PO
• No significant differences in sedation scores
Preoperative use of meloxicam is recommended
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| View article (PDF, 348 KB) |
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| Adam D. Gassel, Karen M. Tobias, Christine M. Egger, Barton W. Rohrbach |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;227:1937-1944). December 15, 2005. |
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Surgical risks
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| Ovarian remnant syndrome in dogs and cats: 21 cases (2000-2007) |
Highlights:
• 19 dogs, 2 cats identifed from 2000-2007 records
• Clinical signs associated with proestrus, estrus
• All residual tissues found near ovarian pedicles
Surgical removal of ovarian tissue resolved signs
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| View article (PDF, 335 KB) |
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| Rebecca L. Ball, Stephen J. Birchard, Lauren R. May, Walter R. Threlfall, Gregory S. Young |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010;236:548-553. March 1, 2010. |
| Major abdominal evisceration injuries in dogs and cats: 12 cases (1998-2008) |
Highlights:
• 8 dogs, 4 cats with abdominal evisceration studied
• Trauma, postsurgical dehiscence were causes
• Postsurgical cases followed ovariohysterectomy
Prompt intervention can lead to favorable outcome
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| View article (PDF, 565 KB) |
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| Sara B. Gower, Chick W. Weisse, Dorothy C. Brown |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009;234:1566-1572. June 15, 2009. |
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Alternative methods
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| Duration, complications, stress, and pain of open ovariohysterectomy versus a simple method of laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy in dogs |
Highlights:
• Each method performed on 10 dogs
• Laparoscopic-assisted group less painful
• Glucose, cortisol higher in open-method group
Laparoscopic-assisted method less stressful
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| View article (PDF, 1.0 MB) |
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| Chad M. Devitt, Ray E. Cox, Jim J. Hailey |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;227:921-927. September 15, 2005. |
| Use of laparoscopic-assisted cryptorchidectomy in dogs and cats |
Highlights:
• 10 dogs, 3 cats included in study
• Laparoscopy avoids disadvantages of laparotomy
• Exteriorizing of the testicle simplifies ligation
Technique minimally invasive, offers good visibility
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| View article (PDF, 482 KB) |
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| Nathan A. Miller, Stephen J. Van Lue, Clarence A. Rawlings |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;227:921-927. March 15, 2004. |
| Comparison of intratesticular injection of zinc gluconate versus surgical castration to sterilize male dogs |
Highlights:
• 161 privately owned dogs neutered
• 103 dogs treated with zinc gluconate
• Necrotizing injection-site reactions seen in 4 dogs
Need strategies to avoid adverse reactions
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| View article (PDF, 324 KB) |
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| Julie K. Levy, P. Cynda Crawford, Leslie D. Appel, Emma L. Clifford |
| Am J Vet Res 2008;69:140-143. January 2008. |
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Additional resources
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| The Association of Shelter Veterinarians veterinary medical care guidelines for spay-neuter programs |
| Andrea L. Looney, Mark W. Bohling, Philip A. Bushby, Lisa M. Howe, Brenda Griffin, Julie K. Levy, Susan M. Eddlestone, James R. Weedon, Leslie D. Appel, Y. Karla Rigdon-Brestle, Nancy J. Ferguson, David J. Sweeney, Kathy A. Tyson, Adriana H. Voors, Sara C. White, Christine L. Wilford, Kelly A. Farrell, Ellen P. Jefferson, Michael R. Moyer, Sandra P. Newbury, Melissa A. Saxton, Janet M. Scarlett |
| JAVMA, Vol 233, No. 1, July 1, 2008. |
| View article (PDF, 354 KB) |
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