Single-topic compilations of the information shaping our profession
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Updated December 2010
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Epidemiology/surveillance
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| Epidemiologic characteristics of rabies virus variants in dogs and cats in the United States, 1999 |
Highlights:
• Rabies virus sampled from 78 dogs, 230 cats
• Only one vaccine failure reported
• Most animals were owned and unvaccinated
 Educational campaigns for owners may be useful
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| View article (PDF, 598 KB) |
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| Jennifer H. McQuiston, Pamela A. Yager, Jean S. Smith, Charles E. Rupprecht |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;218:1939-1942. June 15, 2001. |
| Trends in national surveillance for rabies among bats in the United States (1993-2000) |
Highlights:
• Studied 3 bat species linked to rabies in humans
• Human-linked species most likely to test positive
• Positive results highest in fall, southwestern US
Species a stronger link to risk than season, region
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| View article (PDF, 147 KB) |
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| Alison M. Mondul, John W. Krebs, James E. Childs |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;222:633-639. March 1, 2003. |
| Epidemiology of rabies in skunks in Texas |
Highlights:
• Studied data from rabid skunks from 1953-2007
• Number of rabid skunks peaked in March, April
• Humans 36-50 years of age most often exposed
Most human exposures did not involve a bite
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| View article (PDF, 444 KB) |
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| Ernest H. Oertli, Pamela J. Wilson, Patrick R. Hunt, Thomas J. Sidwa, Rodney E. Rohde |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009;234:616-620. March 1, 2009. |
| Survey of wildlife rehabilitators regarding rabies vector species |
Highlights:
• 210 North Carolina wildlife rehabilitators surveyed
• Results showed inconsistent knowledge of rabies
• 80% believed some peers rehabilitating illegally
Educational efforts for rehabilitators important
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| View article (PDF, 17.5 MB) |
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| Robert L. Schopler, Aron J. Hall, Peter Cowen |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;227:1568-1572. November 15, 2005. |
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Zoonosis management
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| Rabies preexposure vaccination among veterinarians and at-risk staff |
Highlights:
• At-risk workers within a county were surveyed
• Vaccination histories, related data obtained
• Age, length of employment linked to vaccination
Cost of preexposure vaccine series may be barrier
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| View article (PDF, 199 KB) |
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| Rosalie T. Trevejo |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;217:1647-1650. December 1, 2000. |
| Decision-based evaluation of recommendations for preexposure rabies vaccination |
Highlights:
• Vaccination recommended for persons at high risk
• Frequent boosters associated with adverse events
• Successive boosters can cause titers to plateau
Routine boosters no longer recommended
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| View article (PDF, 82 KB) |
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| Kristy O. Murray, Paul M. Arguin |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;216:188-191. January 15, 2000. |
| Infection control practices and zoonotic disease risks among veterinarians in the United States |
Highlights:
• US veterinary practitioners randomly surveyed
• Generally, protective measures not being taken
• Absence of written policy linked to low awareness
Written infection control policies may be beneficial
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| View article (PDF, 565 KB) |
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| Jennifer G. Wright, Sherry Jung, Robert C. Holman, Nina N. Marano, Jennifer H. McQuiston |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;232:1863-1872. June 15, 2008. |
| Compendium of Veterinary Standard Precautions for Zoonotic Disease Prevention in Veterinary Personnel |
Highlights:
• Veterinary infection controls are inadequate
• 868 of 1,415 human pathogens are zoonotic
• Veterinary Standard Precautions (VSP) outlined
Use of VSP would minimize exposure to zoonoses
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| View article (PDF, 718 KB) |
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| Brigid L. Elchos, Joni M. Scheftel, Bryan Cherry, Emilio E. DeBess, Sharon G. Hopkins, Jay F. Levine, Carl J. Williams |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008;233:415-432. August 1, 2008. |
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Postexposure prophylaxis
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| Evaluation of a postexposure rabies prophylaxis protocol for domestic animals in Texas: 2000–2009 |
Highlights:
• Zoonotic incident reports of 1,104 animals studied
• Exposed animals were vaccinated, isolated
• No postexposure prophylaxis failures recorded
Protocol effective for unvaccinated animals
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| View article (PDF, 314 KB) |
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| Pamela J. Wilson, Ernest H. Oertli, Patrick R. Hunt, Thomas J. Sidwa |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010;237:1395-1401. December 15, 2010. |
| Postexposure rabies prophylaxis protocol for domestic animals and epidemiologic characteristics of rabies vaccination failures in Texas: 1995-1999 |
Highlights:
• Postexposure rabies prophylaxis cases studied
• Protocol included immediate vaccination, boosters
• Found 4 failures in 830 postexposure vaccinations
Postexposure rabies prophylaxis can be effective
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| View article (PDF, 168 KB) |
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| Pamela J. Wilson, Keith A. Clark |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;218:522-525. February 15, 2001. |
| Postexposure prophylaxis for prevention of rabies in dogs |
Highlights:
• 29 dogs were experimentally infected with rabies
• Vaccine alone after exposure was not protective
• Monoclonal antibodies with vaccine was protective
Revealed potential use of monoclonal antibodies |
| View article (PDF, 79 KB) |
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| Cathleen A. Hanlon, Michael Niezgoda, Charles E. Rupprecht |
| Am J Vet Res 2002;63:1096-1100. August 2002. |
| Animal bite epidemiology and surveillance for rabies postexposure prophylaxis |
Highlights:
• 16,000 animal bite reports in Pennsylvania studied
• Highest incidence in children under 5 years of age
• Cat bite victims more likely to receive prophylaxis
Community interventions should be enhanced
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| View article (PDF, 80 KB) |
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| Dale A. Moore, William M. Sischo, Allison Hunter, Toni Miles |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;217:190-194. July 15, 2000. |
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Vaccination methods
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| Evaluation of oral rabies vaccination programs for control of rabies epizootics in coyotes and gray foxes: 1995-2003 |
Highlights:
• Two wildlife rabies epizootics in Texas studied
• Edible baits used to distribute oral rabies vaccine
• Vaccine bait programs halted expansion
Oral rabies vaccine is effective in coyotes, foxes
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| View article (PDF, 687 KB) |
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| Thomas J. Sidwa, Pamela J. Wilson, Guy M. Moore, Ernest H. Oertli, Bradley N. Hicks, Rodney E. Rohde, David H. Johnston |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;227:785-792. September 1, 2005. |
| Economic evaluation of an oral rabies vaccination program for control of a domestic dog-coyote rabies epizootic: 1995-2006 |
Highlights:
• Benefit-cost analysis of Texas program studied
• Oral rabies vaccine did control spread
• Economic benefits 3-13x greater than costs
Key economic variables identified for future
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| View article (PDF, 361 KB) |
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| Stephanie A. Shwiff, Katy N. Kirkpatrick, Ray T. Sterner |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;233:1736-1741. December 1, 2008. |
| Cost of distributing oral raccoon-variant rabies vaccine in Ohio: 1997-2000 |
Highlights:
• Oral rabies vaccine placed in fishmeal bait
• Bait distributed by foot, vehicle, aircraft
• Cost of ground baiting consistently less than air
Studying cost may lead to more efficient methods
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| View article (PDF, 92 KB) |
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| Pirouz Foroutan, Martin I. Meltzer, Kathleen A. Smith |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;220:27-32. January 1, 2002. |
| Effect of maternal immunity on the immune response to oral vaccination against rabies in young foxes |
Highlights:
• Cubs of vaccinated, unvaccinated vixens studied
• Cubs given oral vaccine, tested, inoculated
• Immune inhibition significant, long lasting
Reconsider oral vaccines in vaccinated groups
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| View article (PDF, 220 KB) |
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| Thomas F. Müller, Peter Schuster, Ad C. Vos, Thomas Selhorst, Ulf D. Wenzel, Andreas M. Neubert |
| Am J Vet Res 2001;62:1154-1158. July 2001. |
| Effects of vaccine route and dosage on protection from rabies after intracerebral challenge in mice |
Highlights:
• Mice were vaccinated by IP, IM, and SC routes
• Subjects then challenged intracerebrally with virus
• IM route yielded highest response, protection
Recommend modify tests to model target species
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| View article (PDF, 223 KB) |
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| Peter S. Wunderli, David W. Dreesen, Timothy J. Miller, George M. Baer |
| Am J Vet Med 2003;64:491-498. April 2003. |
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Vaccination safety and efficacy
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| Postmarketing surveillance of rabies vaccines for dogs to evaluate safety and efficacy |
Highlights:
• Studied adverse events reported over 3 years
• 246 reports involved rabies vaccine
• Vomiting, facial swelling most commonly reported
Rabies vaccine event rate similar to other vaccines
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| View article (PDF, 325 KB) |
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| Timothy S. Frana, Nancy E. Clough, Donna M. Gatewood, Charles E. Rupprecht |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;;232:1000-1002. April 1, 2008. |
| Incidence of adverse events in ferrets vaccinated with distemper or rabies vaccine: 143 cases (1995-2001) |
Highlights:
• Records of 143 vaccinated ferrets studied
• 13 ferrets had total of 14 adverse events
• Most events occurred when both vaccines given
Ferrets may be at high risk for adverse events
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| View article (PDF, 147 KB) |
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| Cheryl B. Greenacre |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;223:663-665. September 2003. |
| Incidence of and risk factors for adverse events associated with distemper and rabies vaccine administration in ferrets |
Highlights:
• Records of 3,587 vaccinated ferrets studied
• 30 adverse events were recorded over 2 years
• Vomiting and diarrhea most commonly reported
Adverse events linked to number of vaccinations
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| View article (PDF, 102 KB) |
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| George E. Moore, Nita W. Glickman, Michael P. Ward, Kathy S. Engler, Hugh B. Lewis, Lawrence T. Glickman |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;226:909-912. March 15, 2005. |
| Association between cancer chemo- therapy and canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus, and rabies virus antibody titers in tumor-bearing dogs |
Highlights:
• 31 client-owned dogs with cancers studied
• Titers measured before, after chemotherapy
• Significant changes in titers not detected
Prior immunity not compromised by chemotherapy
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| View article (PDF, 271 KB) |
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| Carolyn J. Henry, Dudley L. McCaw, Kenny V. Brock, Aaron M. Stoker, Jeff W. Tyler, Deborah J. Tate, Mary Lynn Higginbotham |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;219:1238-1241. November 1, 2001. |
| Effect of heterogeneity of rabies virus strain and challenge route on efficacy of inactivated rabies vaccines in mice |
Highlights:
• Accuracy of standard potency test questioned
• Studied effect of route, virus strain on efficacy
• Incubation period dependent on route, dose, strain
Supports proposal for new rabies potency test
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| View article (PDF, 96 KB) |
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| Peter S. Wunderli, David W. Dreesen, Timothy J. Miller, George M. Baer |
| Am J Vet Res 2003;64:499-505. April 2003. |
| AVMA Council on Biologic and Therapeutic Agents' report on cat and dog vaccines |
Highlights:
• Comprehensive review of information conducted
• 4 panels of experts convened to form consensus
• No vaccine protocol fits every situation
Veterinarians should develop tailored programs
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| View article (PDF, 65 KB) |
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| Donald J. Klingborg, David R. Hustead, Elizabeth A. Curry-Galvin, Nigel R. Gumley, Steven C. Henry, Fairfield T. Bain, Michael A. Paul, Dawn M. Boothe, K. Shawn Blood, David L. Huxsoll, Donald L. Reynolds, M. Gatz Riddell Jr, James S. Reid, Charles R. Short |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;221:1401-1407. November 15, 2002. |
| The 2006 American Association of Feline Practitioners Feline Vaccine Advisory Panel Report |
Highlights:
• Concerns about vaccine safety for cats increasing
• Core, noncore vaccines defined by the panel
• Summaries of vaccination provided as guides
Vaccinate each cat based on risk vs. benefit
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| View article (PDF, 648 KB) |
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| James R. Richards, Thomas H. Elston, Richard B. Ford, Rosalind M. Gaskell, Katrin Hartmann, Kate F. Hurley, Michael R. Lappin, Julie K. Levy, Ilona Rodan, Margie Scherk, Ronald D. Schultz, Andrew H. Sparkes |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006;229:1405-1441. November 1, 2006. |
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Additional resources
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| Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2008 |
| Ben Sun, Michael Auslander, Catherine M. Brown, Lisa Conti, Paul Ettestad, Mira J. Leslie, Faye E. Sorhage |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;232:1478-1486. May 15, 2008. |
| View article (PDF, 256 KB) |
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| Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2007 |
| Ben Sun, Michael Auslander, Lisa Conti, Paul Ettestad, Mira J. Leslie, Faye E. Sorhage |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007;230:833-840. March 15, 2007. |
| View article (PDF, 196 KB) |
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| Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2006 |
| Mira J. Leslie, Michael Auslander, Lisa Conti, Paul Ettestad, Faye E. Sorhage, Ben Sun |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006;228:858-864. March 15, 2006. |
| View article (PDF, 85 KB) |
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| Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2005 |
| Suzanne R. Jenkins, Mira J. Leslie, Michael Auslander, Lisa Conti, Paul Ettestad, Faye E. Sorhage, Ben Sun |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;226:1304-1310. April 15, 2005. |
| View article (PDF, 80 KB) |
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| Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2004 |
| Suzanne R. Jenkins, Michael Auslander, Lisa Conti, Mira J. Leslie, Faye E. Sorhage |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;224:216-222. January 15, 2004. |
| View article (PDF, 103 KB) |
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| Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2003 |
| Suzanne R. Jenkins, Michael Auslander, Lisa Conti, William B. Johnston, Mira J. Leslie, Faye E. Sorhage |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;222:156-161. January 15, 2003. |
| View article (PDF, 257 KB) |
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| Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2002 |
| Suzanne R. Jenkins, Michael Auslander, Lisa Conti, William B. Johnston, Mira J. Leslie, Faye E. Sorhage |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;221:44-48. July 1, 2002. |
| View article (PDF, 64 KB) |
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| Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2001 |
| Suzanne R. Jenkins, Michael Auslander, Lisa Conti, Robert H. Johnson, Mira J. Leslie, Faye E. Sorhage |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;218:26-31. January 1, 2001. |
| View article (PDF, 171 KB) |
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| Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2000 |
| Suzanne R. Jenkins, Michael Auslander, Lisa Conti, Robert H. Johnson, Mira J. Leslie, Faye E. Sorhage |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;216:338-343. February 1, 2000. |
| View article (PDF, 73 KB) |
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| Model Rabies Control Ordinance |
| Oversight: AVMA Council on Public Health and Regulatory Veterinary Medicine |
http://www.avma.org/issues/policy/rabies_control.asp
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| Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2009 |
| Jesse D. Blanton, Dustyn Palmer, Charles E. Rupprecht |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010;237:646-657. September 15, 2010. |
| View article (PDF, 1,359 KB) |
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| Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2008 |
| Jesse D. Blanton, Kis Robertson, Dustyn Palmer, Charles E. Rupprecht |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009;235:676-689. September 15, 2009. |
| View article (PDF, 1,482 KB) |
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| Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2007 |
| Jesse D. Blanton, Dustyn Palmer, Kira A. Christian, Charles E. Rupprecht |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;233:884-897. September 15, 2008. |
| View article (PDF, 1,158 KB) |
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| Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2006 |
| Jesse D. Blanton, Cathleen A. Hanlon, Charles E. Rupprecht |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007;231:540-556. August 15, 2007. |
| View article (PDF, 1,412 KB) |
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| Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2005 |
| Jesse D. Blanton, John W. Krebs, Cathleen A. Hanlon, Charles E. Rupprecht |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006;229:1897-1911. December 15, 2006. |
| View article (PDF, 1,324 KB) |
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| Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2004 |
| John W. Krebs, Eric J. Mandel, David L. Swerdlow, Charles E. Rupprecht |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;227:1912-1925. December 15, 2005. |
| View article (PDF, 2,081 KB) |
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| Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2003 |
| John W. Krebs, Eric J. Mandel, David L. Swerdlow, Charles E. Rupprecht |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;225:1837-1849. December 15, 2004. |
| View article (PDF, 1,352 KB) |
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| Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2002 |
| John W. Krebs, John T. Wheeling, James E. Childs |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;223:1736-1748. December 15, 2003. |
| View article (PDF, 2,985 KB) |
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| Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2001 |
| John W. Krebs, Heather R. Noll, Charles E. Rupprecht, James E. Childs |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;221:1690-1701. December 15, 2002. |
| View article (PDF, 688 KB) |
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| Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2000 |
| John W. Krebs, Alison M. Mondul, Charles E. Rupprecht, James E. Childs |
| J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001;219:1687-1699. December 15, 2001. |
| View article (PDF, 1,462 KB) |
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