Single-topic compilations of the information shaping our profession
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April 2008
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Benefits of diet restriction
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| Effect of weight reduction on clinical signs of lameness in dogs with hip osteoarthritis |
Highlights:
• Overweight dogs with hip osteoarthritis studied
• All dogs lost minimum of 10% body weight
• Lameness improved significantly
 Weight reduction alone may improve lameness
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| View article (PDF, 64 KB) |
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| Joseph A. Impellizeri, Mark A. Tetrick, Peter Muir |
| Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000 Apr 1;216(7):1089-91. |
| Evaluation of the effect of limited food consumption on radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis in dogs |
Highlights:
• Test group fed 25% less than controls for 8 years
• Controls: Multiple-joint osteoarthritis in 77%
• Test group: Multiple-joint osteoarthritis in only 10%
Osteoarthritis low in dogs fed 25% less
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| View article (PDF, 303 KB) |
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| Richard D. Kealy, Dennis F. Lawler, Joan M. Ballam, George Lust, Daryl N. Biery, Gail K. Smith, Sandra L. Mantz |
| Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000 Dec 1;217(11):1678-80. |
| Lifelong diet restriction and radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis of the hip joint in dogs |
Highlights:
• Test group fed 25% less than controls for 14 years
• Controls: Hip joint osteoarthritis in 83%
• Test group: Hip joint osteoarthritis in 50%
Hip joint osteoarthritis lower in dogs fed 25% less
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| View article (PDF, 379 KB) |
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| Gail K. Smith, Erin R. Paster, Michelle Y. Powers, Dennis F. Lawler, Darryl N. Biery, Frances S. Shofer, Pamela J. McKelvie, Richard D. Kealy |
| Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006 Sep 1;229(5):690-3. |
| Effects of diet restriction on life span and age-related changes in dogs |
Highlights:
• Test group fed 25% less than controls for life
• Test group lived 1.8 years longer than controls
• Also later onset of osteoarthritis, chronic disease
Longer life, delayed disease in dogs fed 25% less
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| View article (PDF, 242 KB) |
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| Richard D. Kealy, Dennis F. Lawler, Joan M. Ballam, Sandra L. Mantz, Darryl N. Biery, Elizabeth H. Greeley, George Lust, Mariangela Segre, Gail K. Smith, Howard D. Stowe |
| Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002 May 1;220(9):1315-20. |
| Influence of lifetime food restriction on causes, time, and predictors of death in dogs |
Highlights:
• Test group fed 25% less than controls for life
• Test group: 2-year delay in neoplasia deaths
• Declining lean mass, high fat predictive of death
Body mass changes later in life require evaluation
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| View article (PDF, 96 KB) |
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| Dennis F. Lawler, Richard H. Evans, Brian T. Larson, Edward L. Spitznagel, Mark R. Ellersieck, Richard D. Kealy |
| Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005 Jan 15;226(2):225-31. |
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Obesity and health
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| Association of expiratory airway dysfunction with marked obesity in healthy adult dogs |
Highlights:
• Obese, nonobese dogs given pulmonary tests
• Expiratory resistance 2x greater in obese dogs
• Causes may be structural or inflammatory
Obesity may cause expiratory airway restriction
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| View article (PDF, 588 KB) |
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| Jonathan F. Bach, Elizabeth A. Rozanski, Daniela Bedenice, Daniel L. Chan, Lisa M. Freeman, Jennifer L. S. Lofgren, Trisha J. Oura, Andrew M. Hoffman |
| Originally published in Am J Vet Res. 2007 Jun;68(6):670-5. |
| Long-term risks and benefits of early-age gonadectomy in dogs |
Highlights:
• Incontinence higher in females spayed early
• Early-age gonadectomy safe in male dogs
• Female dogs best spayed after 3-4 months
Obesity decreased in both sexes neutered early
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| View article (PDF, 155 KB) |
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| C. Victor Spain, Janet M. Scarlett, Katherine A. Houpt |
| Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004 Feb 1;224(3):380-7. |
| Prevalence of obese dogs in a population of dogs with cancer |
Highlights:
• Obesity prevalence differs among cancer types
• Obesity may have an incongruous effect
• Cancers may affect weight differently
Systematic use of body condition scoring needed
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| View article (PDF, 614 KB) |
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| Lisa P. Weeth, Andrea J. Fascetti, Philip H. Kass, Steven E. Suter, Aniel M. Santos, Sean J. Delaney |
| Originally published in Am J Vet Res. 2007 Apr;68(4):389-98. |
| Development of a mental wellness program for animals |
Highlights:
• Animal mental health not just behavior issues
• Includes positive experiences, life satisfaction
• Overeating pleasurable but also leads to obesity
Animal caregivers must use judgment in feeding
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| View article (PDF, 85 KB) |
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| Franklin D. McMillan |
| Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002 Apr 1;220(7):965-72. |
| Disease prevalence among dogs and cats in the United States and Australia and proportions of dogs and cats that receive therapeutic diets or dietary supplements |
Highlights:
• 1,104 pet owners asked about pets' health
• 6.1% (67) believed pet was obese
• 0.3% (3) saw obesity as a health problem
Obesity education for pet owners is needed
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| View article (PDF, 353 KB) |
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| Lisa M. Freeman, Sarah K. Abood, Andrea J. Fascetti, Linda M. Fleeman, Kathryn E. Michel, Dorothy P. Laflamme, Cassandra Bauer, Brona L. E. Kemp, Janine R. Van Doren, Kristina N. Willoughby |
| Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006 Aug 15;229(4):531-4. |
| Health status and population characteristics of dogs and cats examined at private veterinary practices in the United States |
Highlights:
• Over 30,000 dogs examined by U.S. veterinarians
• Obese body condition scores given to 4.8%
• Obesity listed as disorder for only 2%
Obesity underreported by veterinarians
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| View article (PDF, 103 KB) |
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| Elizabeth M. Lund, P. Jane Armstrong, Claudia A. Kirk, Linda M. Kolar, Jeffrey S. Klausner |
| Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999 May 1;214(9):1336-41. |
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Considerations for treatment and prevention
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| Use of body condition scores in clinical assessment of the provision of optimal nutrition |
Highlights:
• Body condition scoring currently underutilized
• Predicts body fat with 85% confidence or better
• Results must be applied to health plan
Obese scores indicate health disorders
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| View article (PDF, 59 KB) |
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| William J. Burkholder |
| Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000 Sep 1;217(5):650-4. |
| Evaluation of owner education as a component of obesity treatment programs for dogs |
Highlights:
• 60 obese dogs placed in weight loss program
• Owners in test group attended nutrition classes
• BCS, weight fell similarly for all dogs
Owner education offered no advantage |
| View article (PDF, 136 KB) |
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| Jill E. Yaissle, Cheryl Holloway, C. A. Tony Buffington |
| Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004 Jun 15;224(12):1932-5. |
| Effects of caloric restriction and a moderate or intense physiotherapy program for treatment of lameness in overweight dogs with osteoarthritis |
Highlights:
• Lame, obese dogs given diet, massage, exercise
• Test group same plus intensive physical therapy
• Weight loss, lameness better in test group
Diet, physical therapy better than diet alone
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| View article (PDF, 327 KB) |
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| Evamaria Mlacnik, Barbara A. Bockstahler, Marion Müller, Mark A. Tetrick, Richard C. Nap, Jürgen Zentek |
| Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006 Dec 1;229(11):1756-60. |
| Use of pedometers to measure physical activity in dogs |
Highlights:
• Dogs and owners wore pedometers 7-14 days
• Fewer steps, higher body condition scores linked
• Less active owners had less active dogs
Pedometry in dogs not precise but useful
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| View article (PDF, 175 KB) |
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| Catherine B. Chan, Marguerite Spierenburg, Sherri L. Ihle, Catrine Tudor-Locke |
| Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005 Jun 15;226(12):2010-5. |
| Public health roles for small animal practitioners |
Highlights:
• Shortage of veterinarians in public health growing
• Public health can be marketing opportunity
• Client may see veterinarian more than physician
Veterinarians can impact obesity in humans also
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| View article (PDF, 378 KB) |
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| James S. Wohl, Kenneth E. Nusbaum |
| Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007 Feb 15;230(4):494-500. |
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The role of nutrition
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| Facilitative and functional fats in diets of cats and dogs |
Highlights:
• Good, bad fats in humans work differently in dogs
• Functional, facilitative are better labels
• "Bad" fat only if excessive, causes obesity
Good, bad labels for fats do not apply in dogs
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| View article (PDF, 300 KB) |
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| John E. Bauer |
| Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006 Sep 1;229(5):680-4. |
| Nutritional adequacy of diets formulated for companion animals |
Highlights:
• Home-prepared diets often too high in calories
• Home-made recipes vary, hard to measure
• Owners may substitute food for attention
Discuss nutrition with clients preparing pets' diets
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| View article (PDF, 149 KB) |
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| Erin L. Steiff, John E. Bauer |
| Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001 Sep 1;219(5):601-4. |
| Energy requirements and body surface area of cats and dogs |
Highlights:
• Body weight not enough to derive energy needs
• Metabolic rate, BSA must also be considered
• Accuracy of BSA estimates can vary up to 20%
Use of BSA as a clinical tool requires monitoring
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| View article (PDF, 184 KB) |
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| Richard C. Hill, Karen C. Scott |
| Originally published in J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004 Sep 1;225(5):689-94. |
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Biomarkers of obesity
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| Correlation between plasma leptin concentration and body fat content in dogs |
Highlights:
• Plasma leptin correlates strongly to adiposity
• Good for measuring obesity across breeds, ages
• ELISA testing simple and practical
Plasma leptin useful for assessing obesity
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| View article (PDF, 89 KB) |
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| Mayumi M. Sagawa, Fumio Nakadomo, Tsutomu Honjoh, Katsumi Ishioka, Masayuki Saito |
| Originally published in Am J Vet Res. 2002 Jan;63(1):7-10. |
| Influence of obesity on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in dogs |
Highlights:
• Plasma leptin correlates strongly with body fat
• Less correlation of plasma leptin with body weight
• Plasma leptin levels may drop before body weight
Blood lipid assay useful for managing obesity
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| View article (PDF, 86 KB) |
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| Isabelle C. Jeusette, Estelle T. Lhoest, Louis P. Istasse, Marianne O. Diez |
| Originally published in Am J Vet Res. 2005 Jan;66(1):81-6. |
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